– 23 entries
Trump Administration Third-Country Deportation Program
After the Supreme Court allowed removals of migrants to countries with no connection to their cases, the administration built a growing network of bilateral agreements to deport people — some holding U.S. immigration-court protections — to third countries, several of which have held deportees in high-security detention without charge. The episode tracks the enabling ruling and each country-specific expansion of the program.
Beginning June 23, 2025, when the Supreme Court stayed a district court order that had required U.S. immigration officials to give migrants a meaningful opportunity to raise torture-risk claims before removal to a country other than their own, the Trump administration built out a growing network of bilateral agreements to deport migrants — many holding U.S. immigration-court protections against return to their home countries — to third countries with no connection to their cases. Flights and deals have gone to South Sudan, Libya, and El Salvador (the originating stay); Eswatini (at least four flights since July 2025); Mexico (over 4,000 Cuban nationals under an undisclosed arrangement); the Democratic Republic of the Congo; Sierra Leone (at least two flights); and the Central African Republic (negotiated May 2026, first operational flight June 2026). Receiving countries have often held deportees in high-security or isolated detention without charge for extended periods, sometimes for indefinite "onward transfer." This episode tracks the enabling ruling and each subsequent country-by-country expansion of the program as facets of one ongoing policy.
2026 Events (14)
Deportees say ICE agents assaulted, restrained, and denied them medical care and bathroom access on Liberia deportation flight
On August 20, 2026, deportees said U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement agents beat, restrained, and denied them medical care and bathroom access during a roughly 14-hour deportation flight from Louisiana to Monrovia, Liberia, the first of an expected 1,200 people to be sent to Liberia under a third-country deportation arrangement. Deportees said agents beat those who resisted, denied a Cuban national with a surgically repaired abdominal wound access to a toilet and later knelt on his abdomen on the tarmac, and held others for days without beds in an unheated room. The Department of Homeland Security denied several of these specific claims on the record but did not address most of the deportees' other allegations.
ICE deported Cuban asylum seeker to Central African Republic on 71-person flight without disclosing destination
On July 30, 2026, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement deported Aristides Fernandez Garcia, a 37-year-old Cuban asylum seeker held for seven months in immigration detention, from Fort Worth, Texas on a 71-person third-country removal flight to the Central African Republic — one of the largest known third-country removal flights to date. Fernandez Garcia and other passengers said ICE did not tell them their destination until the flight was already underway, and that they were shackled and denied lavatory access during the more-than-21-hour journey. DHS confirmed his arrest and removal dates on the record but did not dispute the lack-of-notice or in-flight conditions accounts.
ICE deported 11 migrants to Eswatini on fourth third-country flight, including two with legal protections
On July 8, 2026, eleven migrants deported by the United States arrived in Eswatini, the fourth group the U.S. has sent to the southern African kingdom since its third-country removal arrangement began in July 2025. An immigration attorney familiar with some of the cases said the group includes at least two people with legal protections against removal to their home countries; of the 19 deportees sent before this flight, 17 remain held without charge in a high-security Eswatini prison.
United States deported about a dozen court-protected asylum seekers to Sierra Leone on second third-country flight
On June 18, 2026, about a dozen asylum seekers deported by the United States arrived in Freetown, Sierra Leone, on the second U.S. deportation flight to the country under a third-country removal agreement. According to an attorney for one deportee and documents reviewed by the Associated Press, the migrants held U.S. court orders barring their removal to their home countries after judges found they faced credible fears of persecution. A briefing pamphlet distributed on arrival by a private contractor describes Sierra Leone as a "temporary transit location" where deportees are to be moved onward within 14 to 30 days, raising the prospect of return to the countries U.S. courts barred.
DHS deported migrants with court-ordered protections to Central African Republic on first operational third-country flight
A U.S. deportation flight carrying roughly two dozen migrants — including nationals of Iran, Jordan, Armenia, Turkey, Georgia, and Afghanistan — departed Louisiana on June 11, 2026 and arrived in Bangui, Central African Republic on June 12, the first operational flight under the Trump administration's third-country deportation agreement with that country. Immigration lawyers said at least three Iranian women and an elderly Syrian man had been granted U.S. immigration-court protection against removal based on credible fear of persecution, yet were scheduled for removal to CAR anyway; two of the Iranian women and the Syrian man secured emergency court orders halting their removal only after the flight had already departed.
HRW: 4,353 Cubans deported to Mexico under undisclosed US deal, denied due process
In a report released May 27, 2026, Human Rights Watch documented that between January 20, 2025 and March 9, 2026 the Trump administration deported more than 18,000 third-country nationals, nearly 13,000 of them to Mexico under an undisclosed US-Mexico agreement; Cubans were the largest group, with 4,353 sent to Mexico. HRW found that none of the 53 deportees it interviewed were given any opportunity to contest their country of removal, a violation of due-process requirements under the Immigration and Nationality Act and international law, and that detainees faced overcrowding, denial of medical care, and guard violence in US custody before being left stranded in southern Mexico.
US State Department adds Central African Republic to its third-country deportation program
The U.S. State Department has negotiated an agreement for the Central African Republic to receive migrants of other nationalities deported by the United States — the latest expansion of the Trump administration's third-country deportation program. Rights groups and Senate Democrats say the program removes migrants who had secured immigration-court protections against repatriation, routing them to unrelated countries to circumvent those protections. The deal was struck at a May 18, 2026 meeting in Bangui led by State Department deputy assistant secretary Christian Jové Ehrhardt and reported by Reuters on June 7; a federal judge's May 22 restraining order shows US officials had already planned to remove a Turkish national to the country on May 26.
ICE deported Colombian woman to DR Congo after Congolese officials refused her on medical grounds
On April 16, 2026, ICE placed Adriana Maria Quiroz Zapata — a 55-year-old Colombian woman with diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypothyroidism — on a removal flight to the Democratic Republic of the Congo two days after Congolese officials had formally refused to accept her because they could not guarantee the medical care her conditions required. On May 13, 2026, U.S. District Judge Richard J. Leon (D.D.C.) granted a 14-day temporary restraining order finding the deportation likely unlawful under the Immigration and Nationality Act and directing the Trump administration to facilitate her return, citing her "daily risk of medical complications, up to and including death." Judge Leon modified that order on June 5, 2026, after finding her lawyers had not established that ICE received the Congolese refusal before the flight departed. She remained in the DRC.
ICE deported Colombian man shielded from return to Colombia to DR Congo under third-country removal deal
On April 15, 2026, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement removed Jorge Andres Cubillos, a Colombian man who had lived in St. Cloud, Florida with his wife and four children since 2018, to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, despite a 2022 immigration judge's grant of withholding of removal that barred his return to Colombia. Cubillos was flagged after ICE lodged a detainer following his arrest on a domestic battery charge, and he was sent to the DRC as part of the first group of Latin American migrants deported there under a new U.S. third-country arrangement. He arrived to be held in a hotel near Kinshasa, separated from his family and reporting deteriorating health while authorities decided his fate.
ICE deported four migrants to Eswatini on third third-country removal flight, bringing total to 19
On March 12, 2026, four migrants deported by the United States arrived in Eswatini, the third flight under the Trump administration's third-country removal arrangement, bringing the total transferred to the country to 19. Eswatini's government said the group included two Somali nationals and one each from Sudan and Tanzania, and confirmed they would be held at Matsapha Correctional Complex; human rights lawyers' court challenge to the removal arrangement had been dismissed at first instance, with an appeal pending.
ICE re-detained Baltimore man in defiance of federal release order, moved him toward deportation to Eswatini
On March 9, 2026, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement re-detained Ibrahim Mohammed, a Baltimore-area Ethiopian man, roughly five weeks after a federal judge in Louisiana had ordered his release and found ICE's prior detention of him unconstitutional. ICE served Mohammed a Notice of Revocation of Release on March 10 and moved him toward the airport for removal to Eswatini, a country he had never been to, before U.S. District Judge John deGravelles issued an emergency five-day restraining order blocking his deportation. DeGravelles found no evidence Mohammed had been given the process his own order required before either the re-detention or the planned third-country removal.
Federal judge declared Trump administration's third-country deportation policy unlawful
U.S. District Judge Brian Murphy ruled on February 25, 2026 that DHS's policy of deporting people to countries other than the one designated in their removal proceedings — without meaningful notice or a chance to raise a fear of persecution there — violated the Administrative Procedure Act and due process, vacating the policy nationwide. The ruling capped nearly a year of litigation that began after DHS attempted to deport a group of men to South Sudan in violation of a standing injunction, forcing them into weeks of detention at a U.S. naval base in Djibouti; the government secured a stay from the First Circuit within weeks and continued third-country removals while its appeal remained pending as of this filing.
United States signed third-country deportation agreement with Burundi, setting no cap on transfers
On February 12, 2026, the United States and Burundi signed a Memorandum of Understanding permitting the U.S. to deport third-country nationals -- migrants who are not Burundian citizens -- to Burundi, after Burundi had previously declined to sign without additional U.S. funding for the International Organization for Migration. The agreement, negotiated by the U.S. Department of State and the Department of Homeland Security, was not made public until it appeared on the State Department's website in June 2026; it sets no cap on the number of transfers and states Burundi will not accept people with violent-crime records. As of this entry's recording, no transfers under the agreement are known to have occurred.
ICE deported gay Moroccan asylum-seeker to Cameroon, circumventing judge's order barring removal to Morocco
On January 15, 2026, ICE deported Farah, a 21-year-old gay Moroccan asylum-seeker, from ICE custody in Alexandria, Louisiana to Cameroon, despite an immigration judge's August 2025 ruling that she could not be removed to Morocco because it would endanger her life. Farah, who fled Morocco after her own and her partner's families attacked her over her sexual orientation, was deported three days before a scheduled release hearing; unable to safely remain in Cameroon, where homosexuality is also illegal, she was then sent onward to Morocco — the country the order barred. DHS said it was "applying the law as written."
2025 Events (9)
United States and Cameroon reached undisclosed third-country deportation agreement
The United States and Cameroon reached a third-country removal agreement through diplomatic notes dated December 8, 2025, which were not made public until June 2026. At least 36 people have been forcibly sent to Cameroon across four flights between January and May 2026, many of whom had been granted U.S. humanitarian protections against return to their home countries.
United States and Belize signed safe third-country agreement diverting asylum seekers
The United States and Belize signed a "safe third country" agreement on October 20, 2025, allowing the U.S. to transfer Central American and Caribbean asylum seekers to Belize to pursue protection claims there instead of in the U.S. The agreement's text was not made public and required ratification by Belize's Senate that November; the first deportation flight arrived July 10, 2026, carrying one Haitian asylum seeker.
ICE deported ten migrants to Eswatini on second third-country removal flight
On October 6, 2025, ten migrants deported by the United States arrived in Eswatini, the second flight under the third-country removal arrangement the administration launched that July. An immigration lawyer said the group included at least three Vietnamese nationals, a Filipino, and a Cambodian national; Eswatini's Correctional Services department said it would hold them in correctional facilities pending repatriation efforts without specifying conditions. The flight brought the total number of third-country deportees sent to Eswatini to 15.
United States deported protected migrants to Ghana under undisclosed third-country deal
The United States deported the first group of third-country nationals to Ghana on September 5, 2025, under an arrangement the BBC reported six days later; the deal's text has never been disclosed. At least 60 people have been forcibly sent to Ghana across four confirmed flights, many with U.S.-granted humanitarian protections, and Reuters later found Ghana forcibly returned at least 22 of them to their home countries despite U.S. court orders barring exactly that.
ICE deported five men to Eswatini on first third-country removal flight
On July 16, 2025, five men deported by the United States arrived in Eswatini, the first flight under the Trump administration's newly launched third-country removal arrangement. DHS said the men, from Vietnam, Laos, Jamaica, Cuba, and Yemen, could not be returned to their home countries and described them as convicted of serious crimes; Eswatini said it would hold them in isolated units pending eventual repatriation. The flight inaugurated a policy that sent at least three more groups to the same facility over the following year.
Supreme Court 6-3 stayed order requiring torture screening before third-country deportations, enabling removals to South Sudan and Libya
The Supreme Court voted 6-3 on June 23, 2025, to stay a federal district court order that had required the Trump administration to provide immigrants a meaningful opportunity to contest removal to dangerous third countries before deportation. The stay immediately allowed the administration to resume removals to South Sudan, Libya, and El Salvador under bilateral agreements, without any screening for Convention Against Torture claims. Justice Sotomayor dissented sharply, writing that the administration had "repeatedly defied" the lower court order and calling the Supreme Court's intervention "so gross an abuse of the Court's equitable discretion."
DHS announced Uzbekistan third-country deportation partnership, first deal of second term
DHS announced on April 30, 2025 that it had partnered with Uzbekistan to deport more than 100 Uzbek, Kazakh, and Kyrgyz nationals on a single flight — the first third-country removal deal of the second Trump administration. Uzbekistan fully funded and organized the flight; a further six people were sent to Uzbekistan in March 2026.
Panama accepted 299 third-country deportees under expanded, unwritten MOU
The United States and Panama expanded an existing Memorandum of Understanding on February 2, 2025, under which roughly 299 migrants and asylum seekers from Asian and other countries were forcibly transferred to Panama that same month, many expelled without any protection screening under a Trump proclamation suspending asylum access. Dozens remained stranded in Panama for months, held at a jungle-camp facility and a Panama City hotel, before human rights groups intervened.
United States began mass unwritten third-country deportations to Mexico under Trump
Beginning January 20, 2025, the second Trump administration dramatically expanded a decades-old, never-written practice of deporting third-country nationals to Mexico, sending almost 13,000 people there by March 2026 — by far the largest volume under the program. A March 2026 Justice Department court filing referred to a "standing (unwritten) agreement" with Mexico; neither government has ever published its terms.