Protester surveillance
Surveillance of lawful protesters means the use of state surveillance tools — license-plate readers, social-media monitoring, undercover infiltration, cellular site simulators, facial recognition — against people exercising First Amendment rights. The constitutional protection runs to assembly and association as well as speech, and surveillance can chill those rights even when no other action is taken. The publication tracks documented surveillance of protesters who are not the subject of any criminal investigation, and the maintenance of databases that catalog lawful political activity.
2026 Events (15)
HSI infiltrated Minnesota unions and advocacy groups and subpoenaed financial records without judicial review during Operation Metro Surge
Court filings unsealed August 13, 2026 revealed that Homeland Security Investigations, coordinating with the Department of Justice, ran undercover surveillance operations codenamed "Operation Puppet Master" and "Operation Whipple Shield" during winter 2025-2026 as part of Operation Metro Surge, reaching far beyond the 15 activists eventually charged. Undercover agents infiltrated encrypted chats and organizing meetings, and HSI used administrative subpoenas to obtain years of financial records from labor unions and advocacy groups, none of which has been charged with a crime.
Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission used law enforcement database to secretly surveil at least 16 environmental advocates and critics
Beginning no later than 2023 and continuing through 2025, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission officers repeatedly accessed the state's Driver and Vehicle Information Database under false "criminal investigation" pretexts to pull the private records of environmental advocates who had publicly opposed the agency. At least 16 critics had their records accessed. FWC chair Rodney Barreto admitted the practice while framing it as a security measure, but some of the surveilled individuals had never attended an FWC meeting. The agency spokesperson later acknowledged no criminal investigations of the targets existed.
DHS agents entered Syracuse polling place, threatened election worker over Instagram post naming officer who fatally shot protester Renée Good
On June 24, 2026, two DHS/ICE agents arrived at Syracuse Central Library — an active polling place during the city's primary election — and confronted elections inspector Paigelynne Gonyea over a January 2026 Instagram post in which she named the ICE officer who fatally shot anti-ICE protester Renée Good. Agents handed Gonyea a form letter warning her she "may be in violation of federal law" for the post, which was based on a published Minneapolis Star Tribune investigation, and pressured her to delete it. Gonyea refused.
The Intercept investigation reveals FBI recruited informants from roughly half of Delaney Hall's ~90 protest arrestees
Following the May 29, 2026 mass arrest of approximately 90 protesters at Delaney Hall ICE detention facility in Newark, New Jersey, the FBI contacted roughly half the arrestees in subsequent weeks to recruit them as informants on other demonstrators. Agents asked targeted protesters to report on "anybody planning to go to Delaney Hall with not the right intentions." Essex County Public Defender Benjamin Van Meter, representing multiple arrested protesters, filed a formal complaint alleging the FBI contacts violated attorney-client privilege.
404 Media FOIA report reveals ICE plan to give facial recognition app to 1,300+ local police agencies to verify immigration status
On June 5, 2026, 404 Media published an internal DHS document obtained via FOIA revealing ICE's plan to distribute a facial recognition app to more than 1,000 local police agencies deputized under the 287(g) program, enabling officers to scan faces against hundreds of millions of government records to verify immigration status. The app, already in partial use by ICE and CBP, has produced false matches and has been used against American citizens. Follow-up reporting by NPR in June 2026 confirmed that approximately 1,300 agencies had already received access.
ACLU lawsuit revealed Memphis Safe Task Force retaliated against residents who recorded its agents
On May 13, 2026, the ACLU of Tennessee filed a federal lawsuit, Demster v. Blanche, in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Tennessee on behalf of four Memphis residents, alleging a sustained pattern of retaliation by the multi-agency Memphis Safe Task Force against people who recorded its immigration and law-enforcement operations. The suit documents an October 2025 arrest and 27-hour jailing of one observer on a charge later dismissed, dozens of arrest threats against another observer under Tennessee's proximity "Halo Law," a traffic ticket that was never filed in court, and agents photographing, tailing, and surveilling observers' homes with unmarked vehicles.
HSI conducts pre-dawn home raids on volunteers of Ventura County ICE-watch group VC Defensa
Before dawn on May 13, 2026, Homeland Security Investigations agents executed search warrants at the homes of volunteers of VC Defensa, a Ventura County, California immigrant-rights coalition that patrols neighborhoods to alert residents to ICE operations. Agents searched multiple locations, seized electronic devices, and briefly detained at least two volunteers, who were released the same day. The group's attorney called the operation "completely unconstitutional" and an intimidation tactic against protected organizing and said VC Defensa will sue; DHS said the warrants were part of an "ongoing investigation" and cited prior arrests of unnamed members, though no charges have been filed in connection with the searches.
VA investigated employees who attended vigils for slain colleague Alex Pretti and spoke to the press
CNN reported on May 5, 2026 that the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs opened internal investigations into employees who attended vigils for Alex Pretti — a VA nurse killed by federal immigration agents in Minneapolis in January 2026 — and who spoke to the news media about him. Becky Halioua, a recreational therapist and union leader at the Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center in Augusta, Georgia, was investigated for giving a media interview without prior approval; investigators emailed her news photographs of herself at the January 28 vigil with her face circled and labeled. At least three other VA employees were investigated over press contacts, and unions called the probes a "scare tactic" to silence outspoken staff.
ICE acting director confirmed to Congress the agency uses Paragon's Graphite spyware without disclosing permitted domestic targets or legal basis
In a letter dated April 1, 2026, ICE Acting Director Todd Lyons informed three House Oversight Committee members that Homeland Security Investigations is using Graphite, a zero-click spyware made by Israeli company Paragon Solutions capable of accessing encrypted messages without user interaction. The letter, a belated response to an October 2025 inquiry, did not specify who could be targeted domestically or the legal basis for the tool's use inside the United States. Civil-liberties groups including the Electronic Frontier Foundation and EPIC warned the tool could be deployed against protesters and journalists, not only the fentanyl traffickers cited as the primary justification.
NPR investigation revealed ICE collected DNA samples from protesters arrested at immigration enforcement operations without related charges
An NPR investigation published March 18, 2026 documented six people arrested by federal immigration officers in Minnesota, Illinois, and Oregon while observing or protesting ICE operations who were then subjected to DNA cheek swabs despite facing no charges tied to their protest conduct. In the lead case, ICE officers tackled and detained a Minneapolis protest observer, identified only as Ben, for roughly three hours in late January 2026 before swabbing him, leaving him with three broken ribs. DHS told NPR federal law requires DNA collection from those arrested or facing charges, but legal scholars said applying that authority to civil-immigration protest arrests is constitutionally doubtful.
ICE agents tracked Minnesota protesters to their homes, ACLU court filings revealed
Nearly 100 sworn statements filed February 13, 2026 in an ACLU-led civil case over Minnesota's "Operation Metro Surge" immigration deployment describe more than a dozen instances of federal agents identifying protest-monitors' home addresses, apparently via license-plate tracking, and showing up there -- most without an individually established date. One monitor, Daniel Woo, said an ICE-linked SUV he had tracked later drove to and parked in front of his home. DHS said the agency does not use force against peaceful protesters or stop cars without reasonable suspicion, and did not address the specific incidents.
FBI opens criminal probe of Minneapolis anti-ICE activists' Signal chats
On Monday, January 26, 2026, FBI Director Kash Patel said the bureau had opened a criminal investigation into encrypted Signal group chats used by Minneapolis anti-ICE activists to share descriptions and license plates of suspected immigration-enforcement vehicles. Patel disclosed the probe in an interview with conservative commentator Benny Johnson, saying it was prompted by a viral X thread from influencer Cam Higby, who claimed to have "infiltrated" the chats, and that the FBI was examining whether the activity crossed legal thresholds such as "doxxing" agents. Free-speech advocates noted that observing and documenting on-duty law enforcement is generally lawful and warned the investigation could chill protected organizing.
ICE-linked SUV accelerated at a Minnesota protest monitor before agents shouted her home address at her
Emily Beltz, 44, said that on January 26, 2026, an SUV she had been following near her Minneapolis-suburb apartment building -- after apparently identifying her home through license-plate tracking -- "suddenly turned and sped at" her car before braking hard at the last moment, while a masked agent inside shouted her home address at her. Beltz's account, along with nearly 100 other sworn statements describing federal agents in Minnesota's "Operation Metro Surge" immigration deployment identifying protest-monitors' home addresses, was later filed February 13, 2026 in an ACLU-led civil case, Tincher v. Noem.
Intercept investigation revealed ICE database marked protest observers as domestic terrorists; DHS revoked travel credentials in retaliation
A January 23, 2026 video captured an ICE agent recording a protest observer and stating, "we have a nice little database, and now you're considered a domestic terrorist," the first documented evidence of a DHS/ICE/CBP database labeling lawful protest observers as terrorists and revoking their TSA PreCheck, Global Entry, and passport access. The Intercept filed a FOIA lawsuit against DHS on June 24, 2026 after the agency refused to produce documents about the program, with court exhibits from a Minnesota immigration case corroborating the database's use and at least one civilian losing travel credentials within three days of photographing an ICE operation.
ICE pepper-sprayed and detained two citizen legal observers in Minneapolis; one says HSI tried to recruit him as an informant
On the night of January 11-12, 2026, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement agents in south Minneapolis pepper-sprayed the vehicle of two U.S. citizens conducting legal-observer work, Brandon Siguenza and Patricia O'Keefe, then smashed its windows and pulled them out despite their hands being raised -- an incident independently corroborated by neighbor-recorded video, according to a Snopes investigation -- arresting them for an "obstruction" charge that was never formally filed. The pair were held roughly eight hours at the Whipple Federal Building, where Siguenza says a Homeland Security Investigations agent offered him money and help bringing relatives into the country in exchange for the names of protest organizers and undocumented neighbors, which he refused; DHS disputed the account, calling any claim it offered money for information "FALSE" and alleging Siguenza and O'Keefe had themselves committed a felony by "stalking and obstructing ICE law enforcement." Upon release, agents directed Siguenza into a nearby area where tear gas was deployed and he was struck by a projectile.
2025 Events (1)
ICE task force officers logged Spokane protesters' license plates and personal data into an evidence database
During anti-ICE protests at ICE's Spokane, Washington field office in May and June 2025, Homeland Security Investigations task force officer Stacey Carr and HSI analyst Ryan Lid photographed protesters' and bystanders' license plates and looked up their identities, then uploaded the data — including names, addresses, and vehicle information — to Axon's Evidence.com digital evidence platform, according to Carr's own July 2025 police report obtained by Mother Jones. None of the surveilled individuals, who included a tour-bus photographer and a driver in a public parking lot, were stated to be under investigation for any wrongdoing.