Bypassing Congress
Bypassing Congress is the substantive exercise of legislative power by executive action — most often, the imposition of policy that would clearly require statute, dressed up as regulation, emergency, or executive interpretation. Concrete forms include the announcement of large-scale spending without appropriations, the substantive rewriting of statutory programs through guidance documents, and emergency declarations invoked to access funds or powers that Congress withheld. Routine rulemaking under statutory authority is legitimate; bypassing is what happens when the executive takes a step the law plainly leaves to Congress.
2026 Events (50)
U.S. Central Command struck three Iranian oil tankers after Iran fired missiles at Navy warships, continuing war-powers-defiant Iran campaign
On September 5, 2026, U.S. Central Command struck three Iranian oil tankers — near Kharg Island, near Jask, and in the Gulf of Oman — after Iran fired ballistic missiles at a U.S. aircraft carrier and destroyer patrolling the region; both U.S. ships evaded the missiles and no personnel were hurt. CENTCOM permanently disabled two of the tankers and destroyed the third, with CENTCOM commander Adm. Brad Cooper saying on the record the U.S. would "destroy Iran's limited and exposed oil fleet" if necessary. The strikes continued a military campaign against Iran that has proceeded without new congressional authorization since Congress's June 2026 War Powers Resolution directed the president to end hostilities.
U.S. Central Command struck roughly 100 Iranian targets under new 'tanker for tanker' policy, continuing war-powers-defiant Iran campaign
On September 1, 2026, U.S. Central Command struck roughly 100 Iranian military targets — including two Iranian government tankers, IRGC air-defense sites, radar systems, and anti-ship missile launchers — under a newly approved "tanker for tanker" policy aimed at deterring Iranian attacks on Gulf shipping. The strikes continued a military campaign against Iran that has proceeded without new congressional authorization since lawmakers passed a bicameral War Powers Resolution in June 2026 directing the president to end hostilities. Iran retaliated with roughly 25 ballistic missiles and drone attacks on U.S. bases in Jordan, Bahrain, and Kuwait, most of which were intercepted.
U.S. Central Command struck Iranian rocket launchers near Larak Island, resuming Iran strikes in defiance of the bicameral war-powers resolution
On August 30, 2026, U.S. Central Command struck Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps rocket launchers and sea mines near Larak Island in the Strait of Hormuz, the first confirmed U.S. military action against Iran in roughly a month. The strike came without new congressional authorization, continuing a campaign that has proceeded since Congress passed a bicameral War Powers Resolution in June 2026 directing the president to end hostilities with Iran. Iran acknowledged casualties among its forces and retaliated with ballistic missiles fired at U.S. bases in Jordan, which Jordan's armed forces said they intercepted.
JTF Western Hemisphere killed 4 aboard suspected narcotics vessel in Caribbean Sea; 68th strike, ~227 campaign deaths
On August 25, 2026, Joint Task Force Western Hemisphere — the U.S. Southern Command unit that replaced Joint Task Force Southern Spear earlier that month — carried out its 68th lethal strike on a suspected drug-trafficking vessel in the Caribbean Sea, killing four people without charge, trial, or any attempt at interdiction. The strike, ordered under SOUTHCOM Commander Gen. Francis L. Donovan, brought the campaign's confirmed death toll to at least 227 people across 68 strikes since September 2025.
JTF Western Hemisphere killed 2 aboard suspected narcotics vessel in eastern Pacific; 67th strike, ~223 campaign deaths
On August 23, 2026, Joint Task Force Western Hemisphere — the U.S. Southern Command unit that replaced Joint Task Force Southern Spear earlier that month — carried out its 67th lethal strike on a suspected drug-trafficking vessel in the eastern Pacific, killing two people without charge, trial, or any attempt at interdiction. It was the first publicly announced strike under the new task force name and ended a 63-day pause in the campaign, the longest interruption since strikes began in September 2025. The strike brought the campaign's reported death toll to approximately 223 people across 67 strikes.
Defense Secretary Hegseth announced expansion of unauthorized boat-strike campaign to land operations in Latin America
Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth announced on August 13, 2026, during a visit to Panama, that the administration's unauthorized boat-strike campaign against alleged drug traffickers would expand to joint land operations, citing agreements with Colombia, Honduras, and Ecuador — which had already launched joint raids with the U.S. in March 2026 — while Guatemala publicly denied reaching any such agreement. The expansion extends a campaign that had killed more than 200 people in over 60 vessel strikes in the Caribbean and eastern Pacific since September 2025 without congressional authorization or public evidence that those targeted were traffickers, and no new authorization was sought for the land-based expansion.
Trump signed memorandum authorizing private companies to conduct offensive cyber operations against foreign criminal groups
President Trump signed a National Security Presidential Memorandum on August 12, 2026 directing the Department of Homeland Security and Department of Justice to create a program authorizing vetted private companies to conduct offensive "cyber surveillance" and "cyber effects" operations against foreign transnational criminal organizations, under federal government direction and oversight. It is the first time the U.S. government has authorized private firms to conduct offensive hacking operations, a role historically reserved for government agencies; participating companies must maintain a bond or escrow of at least $1 million.
U.S. Navy helicopter fired Hellfire missiles into cargo ship Vela Nova enforcing Iran blockade in Gulf of Oman
On August 11, 2026, a U.S. Navy MH-60 helicopter fired two Hellfire missiles into the engine room of the Panama-flagged cargo vessel M/V Vela Nova in the Gulf of Oman, disabling its steering gear as the ship sailed toward an Iranian port in violation of the U.S. blockade of Iran reimposed July 14, 2026. U.S. Central Command said the vessel's civilian crew had ignored repeated warnings and did not say whether any crew members were injured. CENTCOM said that, as of August 11, it had redirected 55 commercial vessels, disabled three non-compliant vessels, and boarded two since the blockade's reimposition.
Interior paid RWE $1.22 billion to terminate its New York, California, and Louisiana offshore wind leases
On August 6, 2026, the U.S. Department of the Interior announced a $1.22 billion settlement with German energy company RWE under which RWE voluntarily relinquished its offshore wind leases in the New York Bight and off the coasts of California and Louisiana. Interior Secretary Doug Burgum welcomed the deal, and RWE said it would redirect $900 million into a stake in a Louisiana LNG terminal and $300 million into natural gas turbine reservations. The settlement is the fifth Trump administration lease-termination deal with an offshore wind developer, bringing total federal buyout payments to nearly $4 billion.
Trump resumed Iran airstrikes after five-day pause, again defying bicameral war-powers resolution
On July 29, 2026, President Trump ordered U.S. forces to resume direct airstrikes on Iran after a five-day pause, following an Iranian missile attack a day earlier that targeted a U.S. air base and CENTCOM center in Jordan. U.S. Central Command said it completed a "heavy wave" of strikes against dozens of Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps targets, with Iranian media reporting several civilian deaths, continuing a military campaign waged without new congressional authorization in defiance of the bicameral War Powers Resolution Congress passed in June 2026.
U.S. forces boarded and searched tanker M/T Charminar in Arabian Sea under unauthorized Iran blockade
On July 25, 2026, U.S. Central Command boarding teams stopped, boarded, and inspected the Comoros-flagged tanker M/T Charminar in the Arabian Sea, then released it to continue its voyage. CENTCOM described the action as enforcement of the naval blockade of Iranian ports it reimposed on July 14, 2026 — a campaign it has continued without new congressional authorization and after Congress passed a bicameral War Powers Resolution in June 2026 directing the president to end hostilities with Iran. Maritime trackers reported the Charminar had been sanctioned in July 2025 for carrying Iranian fuel to Houthi forces.
U.S. forces disabled tanker M/T Lavine off Oman enforcing unauthorized Iran blockade; union disputes CENTCOM's account of what was struck
On July 24, 2026, U.S. forces fired into the engine room of the Mozambique-flagged tanker M/T Lavine in the Gulf of Oman, disabling it while enforcing the executive-ordered naval blockade of Iran; U.S. Central Command said the crew had repeatedly ignored warnings while attempting to reach an Iranian port. All 28 Indian seafarers aboard survived. The Forward Seamen's Union of India disputed CENTCOM's account, alleging the strike targeted the crew's living quarters rather than the engine room, a claim video the union released does not clearly resolve either way.
Trump launched Iran airstrikes for a tenth consecutive day, defying bicameral war-powers resolution
On July 20, 2026, U.S. forces launched airstrikes against Iran for the tenth consecutive day, continuing a campaign waged without congressional authorization in direct defiance of the bicameral War Powers Resolution both chambers passed in June 2026. Congressional Democrats were searching for procedural options to halt the campaign as Senate Republicans backed the administration's claim that no new authorization was required. Nearly 100 U.S. troops had been injured in the first two weeks of the conflict.
Trump ordered a ninth consecutive night of Iran strikes as troop deaths mounted, still defying the war-powers resolution
On the night of July 19, 2026, U.S. Central Command carried out a ninth consecutive night of airstrikes on Iranian military command centers, air defense, coastal surveillance, and missile and drone launch sites, ordered by President Trump without new congressional authorization. The strikes followed CENTCOM's disclosure of additional U.S. service-member deaths in Jordan and Iraq from Iranian-linked attacks, continuing the campaign in defiance of the bicameral War Powers Resolution Congress passed in June 2026.
Trump ordered new Iran airstrikes after Jordan attack killed 2 U.S. troops, still defying war-powers resolution
On July 18, 2026, President Trump ordered a new round of U.S. airstrikes against Iran after an Iranian drone-and-missile attack on Muwaffaq Salti Air Base in Jordan killed two U.S. service members the previous night, with a third missing and four hospitalized. U.S. Central Command said the strikes -- the eighth consecutive night of the campaign -- were meant to "swiftly punish" Iran's Revolutionary Guard and further degrade Iran's ability to restrict shipping through the Strait of Hormuz, continuing without new congressional authorization under the bicameral War Powers Resolution Congress passed in June 2026.
Trump ordered a seventh consecutive night of Iran strikes, still defying the war-powers resolution
On July 17, 2026, U.S. Central Command carried out a seventh consecutive night of airstrikes on Iran, hitting bridges, energy sites, and military infrastructure and collapsing a tower at a key Iranian port, while Iran launched retaliatory missiles into Qatar and Kuwait that damaged a desalination plant. The strikes continued without new congressional authorization, defying the bicameral War Powers Resolution Congress passed in June 2026 directing the administration to end hostilities absent a declaration of war.
Trump ordered a sixth night of Iran strikes that hit bridges and collapsed a port tower, again defying the war-powers resolution
Overnight into July 16-17, 2026, U.S. Central Command carried out a sixth consecutive night of airstrikes on Iran, hitting highway and railway bridges in Bandar-e Khamir and collapsing a tower at Iran's Chabahar port, expanding the campaign to infrastructure aimed at cutting off the port city of Bandar Abbas. Iranian state media reported at least seven to eight people killed in the strikes, and Iran's government warned the war "will spread" across the region. The strikes continued a campaign Congress had directed the administration to end through a bicameral War Powers Resolution passed in June 2026, without new congressional authorization.
Trump ordered a fifth day of Iran strikes as CENTCOM reimposed the Strait of Hormuz blockade, again defying the war-powers resolution
On July 15, 2026, U.S. forces struck Iranian targets for a fifth consecutive day and U.S. Central Command reimposed a naval blockade on Iranian ports, in a round Iran's Health Ministry said wounded more than 260 people, the highest single-day toll reported since the campaign resumed. Iran's Revolutionary Guard threatened to halt all Middle East energy exports in response and launched retaliatory missiles and drones at U.S.-hosting states including Bahrain, Kuwait, and Jordan. The strikes and blockade continued a campaign Congress had directed the administration to end through a bicameral War Powers Resolution passed in June 2026, without new congressional authorization.
U.S. aircraft fired Hellfire missiles to disable oil tanker M/T Belma, first vessel struck under reimposed Iran blockade
On July 15, 2026, a U.S. aircraft fired Hellfire missiles into the smokestack of the Curaçao-flagged oil tanker M/T Belma as it transited international waters in the Persian Gulf toward Iran's Kharg Island oil terminal, disabling the unladen vessel after U.S. Central Command said it ignored repeated warnings to stop. CENTCOM said it was the first vessel U.S. forces disabled since reimposing the naval blockade of Iranian ports the day before, and that two other commercial vessels that complied were redirected the same day. The strike enforced a blockade continuing without new congressional authorization after Congress's June 2026 War Powers Resolution directed the president to end hostilities with Iran.
Trump ordered a fourth day of Iran strikes as CENTCOM reinstated the Strait of Hormuz blockade, again defying the war-powers resolution
On July 14, 2026, U.S. forces struck Iranian targets for a fourth consecutive day and U.S. Central Command reinstated a naval blockade on vessels transiting the Strait of Hormuz, backed by more than 20 Navy warships. President Trump the same day dropped a 20 percent cargo toll he had imposed on Hormuz shipping a day earlier, saying Gulf-state leaders had offered to invest in the United States instead. The strikes and blockade continued a campaign Congress had directed the administration to end through a bicameral War Powers Resolution passed in June 2026, without new congressional authorization.
Trump reinstated the Strait of Hormuz blockade with a 20% cargo toll and resumed Iran strikes, again defying the war-powers resolution
On July 13, 2026, President Trump announced he was reinstating a U.S. naval blockade of Iran in the Strait of Hormuz, proposed a 20 percent toll on cargo transiting the strait, and directed U.S. forces to launch a fresh wave of strikes on Iran, declaring that fighting with Iran had resumed. He also pressed Gulf states to help fund the strait's "protection." The action continued a pattern begun in June 2026 in which the administration has repeatedly ordered strikes and blockade-enforcement measures against Iran despite a bicameral War Powers Resolution directing an end to hostilities absent a declaration of war or specific congressional authorization.
Trump ordered fifth round of Iran strikes near Strait of Hormuz, again defying war-powers resolution
On July 12, 2026, U.S. Central Command conducted a fifth distinct round of strikes on Iran, hitting drone, missile, and ammunition sites as well as surveillance and naval-operations facilities near the Strait of Hormuz at Sirik, Qeshm Island, Jask, and west of Bandar Abbas. President Trump directed the strikes, which CENTCOM said were meant to hold Iranian forces accountable and continue degrading Iran's ability to threaten commercial shipping through the strait, a day after Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps declared the strait closed and Iran reported strikes on Qeshm Island and explosions in Bandar Abbas.
Trump ordered a fourth round of Iran strikes after a Hormuz vessel attack, again defying the bicameral war-powers resolution
On July 11, 2026, U.S. Central Command struck roughly 140 targets in Iran — missile and drone launch sites, ammunition depots, and communications facilities near Bandar Abbas and Sirik — after Iran attacked a Cyprus-flagged commercial vessel in the Strait of Hormuz. This is the fourth distinct round of U.S. strikes on Iran since Congress passed the first-ever bicameral War Powers Resolution in June 2026 directing the president to end hostilities absent a declaration of war or specific congressional authorization.
Trump declared Iran ceasefire over and ordered a third round of strikes defying the bicameral war-powers resolution
On July 8, 2026, President Trump declared the U.S.-Iran ceasefire "over" and U.S. Central Command conducted a new wave of strikes on Iran, after Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps attacked three merchant ships in the Strait of Hormuz and struck U.S. military sites in Bahrain and Kuwait. This is the third distinct round of U.S. strikes on Iran since Congress passed the first-ever bicameral War Powers Resolution in June 2026 directing the president to remove U.S. forces from hostilities absent a declaration of war or specific congressional authorization.
SCOTUS 6-3 overturned Humphrey's Executor, holding presidents may fire independent agency commissioners at will
On June 29, 2026, the Supreme Court overturned Humphrey's Executor v. United States (1935) in a 6-3 ruling authored by Chief Justice Roberts in Trump v. Slaughter, holding that President Trump's firing of FTC Commissioner Rebecca Slaughter without cause was constitutional. The ruling makes Congress's statutory for-cause removal protections for independent agency commissioners — including at the FTC, NLRB, EEOC, MSPB, and CPSC — unenforceable. A separate 5-4 ruling in Trump v. Cook temporarily blocked Trump from removing Federal Reserve Governor Lisa Cook, carving out a partial exception for the Fed.
Interior paid Duke Energy $129 million to terminate its Carolina Long Bay offshore wind lease
On June 29, 2026, the Department of the Interior announced a settlement agreement with Duke Energy under which Duke voluntarily terminated its offshore wind lease in the Carolina Long Bay area — 22 miles off southeastern North Carolina — in exchange for $129 million in federal compensation. Interior Secretary Doug Burgum said the deal advances President Trump's energy agenda, and Duke Energy said it would redirect the funds toward nuclear and natural gas generation. The agreement is the fourth offshore wind lease termination brokered by the Trump administration, bringing total federal wind lease buyout payments to more than $2.75 billion.
Trump resumed Iran strikes defying first-ever bicameral war-powers resolution directing end to hostilities
On June 27–28, 2026, U.S. Central Command struck Iranian military sites near the Strait of Hormuz, days after Congress — for the first time in American history — passed a war-powers resolution through both chambers directing the president to remove U.S. forces from hostilities with Iran absent a declaration of war or congressional authorization. The Senate voted 50–48 on June 23 to join the House, which had passed the same measure 215–208 on June 3. Trump called the resolution "poorly timed and meaningless," said "there are no limits" to his executive power, and directed strikes that Iran met with retaliatory attacks on U.S. military sites in Kuwait and Bahrain on June 28.
Interior Department proposed eliminating 90% of public comment windows for oil and gas leasing on federal lands
On June 24, 2026, the Interior Department published a proposed rule in the Federal Register that would eliminate the 30-day pre-leasing public comment period and the 30-day NEPA environmental review comment period for oil and gas leasing on Bureau of Land Management federal lands, while cutting the protest period from 30 to 10 days — reducing total public input windows from 90 days to 10. The proposal would also lower cleanup bonds by more than 90% and eliminate BLM's requirement to assess resource conflicts before leasing. Environmental advocates said the changes violate the National Environmental Policy Act and the Federal Land Policy and Management Act, which require public participation in federal land management by statute.
U.S. State Department bypassed congressional review of a $700 million fighter-engine sale to Turkey without invoking emergency authority
On June 23, 2026, the U.S. Department of State informed the ranking member of the House Foreign Affairs Committee that it would bypass the congressional review process for a sale of roughly 80 GE F110 fighter-jet engines to Turkey worth more than $700 million, and would immediately proceed to formal notification of the sale. According to the ranking member, the department invoked no emergency authority, presented no written rationale, and had for months declined to brief the committee on the sale's implications, including Turkey's continued possession of the Russian S-400 air-defense system. The Arms Export Control Act provides Congress a statutory review period before major foreign military sales may proceed.
DHS conditioned over $1 billion in homeland-security grants on states adopting hand-marked ballots and SAVE voter-roll checks
On June 22, 2026, CNN reported that the Trump administration had attached new conditions to Department of Homeland Security grant programs — expected to exceed $1 billion this fiscal year — requiring states to phase out certain electronic voting systems in favor of hand-marked paper ballots and to run their full voter rolls through DHS's SAVE citizenship-verification database. States that refuse would forfeit 20% of their homeland-security funding, which ordinarily supports terrorism prevention, infrastructure protection, and disaster preparedness.
ProPublica investigation reveals Trump officials defied FY2026 appropriations, spending 5% of congressionally-mandated global health funds
A ProPublica investigation published June 22, 2026, found Trump administration officials broadly refused to comply with the FY2026 National Security, Department of State, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, which Trump signed into law on February 3, 2026. The law directed $9.4 billion for global health programs including PEPFAR and more than $5 billion in humanitarian aid; the Office of Management and Budget labeled hundreds of millions in earmarked funds as "unallocated" to block their disbursement, while the State Department obligated just 5% of directed global health funds through March. Legal experts told ProPublica the conduct likely violated the Impoundment Control Act and constituted a constitutional crisis in the separation of powers.
JTF Southern Spear killed 2 aboard suspected narcotics vessel in Caribbean Sea; ~66th strike, ~213 campaign deaths
On June 21, 2026, Joint Task Force Southern Spear conducted its approximately 66th lethal strike on a suspected drug-trafficking vessel in the Caribbean Sea, killing 2 men and rescuing 6 others. U.S. Southern Command issued an official "Lethal Kinetic Strike" press release confirming the action on June 22. The strike brought the campaign's reported death toll to approximately 213 people since Operation Southern Spear launched in September 2025, all conducted without formal congressional war authorization.
JTF Southern Spear killed 3 aboard suspected narcotics vessel in eastern Pacific; 65th strike, ~211 campaign deaths
On June 18, 2026, Joint Task Force Southern Spear conducted its 65th lethal strike on a suspected drug-trafficking vessel in the Eastern Pacific Ocean, killing three men. SOUTHCOM commander Gen. Francis L. Donovan confirmed the strike and released video footage of the targeted vessel. The strike brought the campaign's reported death toll to approximately 211 people since Operation Southern Spear launched in September 2025, all killed without formal congressional war authorization.
Trump cancels Jay Clayton DNI confirmation hearing, demands Senate pass SAVE America Act
At approximately 4 a.m. ET on June 17, 2026, President Trump posted on Truth Social canceling Jay Clayton's Senate Intelligence Committee confirmation hearing for Director of National Intelligence, hours before it was scheduled to begin. Trump conditioned Clayton's confirmation on the Senate passing the SAVE America Act — a voter ID bill that had already failed — and also threatened to block reauthorization of FISA Section 702, a major intelligence surveillance authority, unless it was tied to that legislation. The move left Bill Pulte, Trump's acting DNI pick with no intelligence background, in the role for at least several additional weeks.
JTF Southern Spear killed 1 aboard suspected narcotics vessel in Eastern Pacific; 64th strike, ~204 campaign deaths
On June 17, 2026, Joint Task Force Southern Spear conducted its 64th lethal strike on a suspected drug-trafficking vessel in the Eastern Pacific Ocean, killing one person and leaving two survivors. The U.S. Coast Guard launched search and rescue operations but suspended them after 20 hours and a 46-mile search area, leaving the survivors' fate unknown. The strike was confirmed by U.S. Southern Command; the campaign had killed at least 203 people across 63 prior strikes since September 2025, all without formal congressional war authorization.
U.S. resumes Iran strikes for a second straight day, defying House war-powers resolution
On June 10–11, 2026, the United States resumed major airstrikes against Iran for a second consecutive day, collapsing a ceasefire that had held since early April and re-escalating a war the executive branch began on February 28, 2026 without congressional authorization. The strikes came barely a week after the House passed a War Powers Resolution, 215–208, directing the President to remove U.S. forces from hostilities with Iran absent a declaration of war or authorization for the use of military force. The administration continued to assert that the resolution's 60-day clock did not apply because a ceasefire had "paused" it, pressing ahead with strikes over Congress's recorded objection.
Trump signed proclamation stripping commercial fishing bans from ~500,000 square miles of Pacific marine monuments
On June 11, 2026, President Trump signed a proclamation modifying four prior Antiquities Act designations to remove commercial fishing prohibitions from approximately 500,000 square miles of Pacific Ocean, including zones within the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, the Rose Atoll Marine National Monument, and the Islands Unit of the Mariana Trench Marine National Monument. The proclamation overrode protections that Presidents Bush and Obama had established, opening the areas to federally managed commercial fishing by U.S.-flagged vessels. Environmental groups immediately announced legal challenges on the grounds that the Antiquities Act authorizes monument creation but does not grant presidents power to eliminate monument protections.
U.S. strike enforcing Iran oil blockade kills three Indian sailors aboard tanker off Oman
On June 10, 2026, U.S. forces enforcing an executive-ordered naval blockade of Iranian oil exports fired on the Palau-flagged oil tanker M/T Settebello in the Gulf of Oman, killing three of its 24 Indian crew members — deck cadet Aditya Sharma, engine fitter Shivanand Chaurasiya, and chief engineer Patnala Suresh. U.S. Central Command said it disabled the tanker for violating the blockade as it allegedly attempted to carry Iranian oil, and has described the crews of targeted vessels as having repeatedly failed to comply with U.S. directions. India confirmed the deaths and summoned a senior U.S. diplomat on June 11 to lodge a formal protest, and the U.N. International Maritime Organization called the targeting of seafarers "unacceptable."
Trump invokes Defense Production Act to direct ~$700M to the coal industry
On June 4, 2026, the Trump administration moved to direct roughly $700 million in federal support to the coal industry, invoking the Defense Production Act — a 1950 national-defense statute — to fund coal-fired power plants and export infrastructure. The package routes about $425 million in DPA funds to 13 existing plants across 10 states, roughly $185 million in Energy Department grants to build two new coal plants (Alaska and West Virginia) and restart a Maryland plant, and $75 million in DPA funds toward the West Gateway coal export terminal in Oakland, California. It builds on an April 20, 2026 Presidential Determination declaring coal supply chains and baseload power "essential to national defense," with the stated rationale being rising electricity demand from AI and data centers rather than a defense emergency.
JTF Southern Spear killed 3 aboard suspected narcotics vessel in Eastern Pacific; ~61st strike, ~205 campaign deaths
On May 30, 2026, U.S. Southern Command conducted a lethal kinetic strike on a vessel in the Eastern Pacific Ocean, killing three people. The strike was directed by Gen. Francis L. Donovan, SOUTHCOM commander, under the authorization of Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth. SOUTHCOM described the vessel as engaged in drug-trafficking operations, operated by a designated terrorist organization, but provided no evidence and no judicial process.
OMB published proposed rule subjecting all federal grants to political-appointee review and requiring recipients to advance the president's priorities
On May 29, 2026, the Office of Management and Budget published a proposed rule in the Federal Register (Document 2026-10817) that would revise government-wide federal grant regulations to require recipients to "demonstrably advance the president's policy priorities," replace subject-matter peer reviewers with political appointees in the grant approval process, and authorize political appointees to cancel any federal grant award "at any point and for any reason." The rule is open for public comment through July 13, 2026, and would codify government-wide what the administration had previously imposed agency-by-agency through executive orders and individual grant-program rewrites.
U.S. Postal Service proposes rule requiring states to submit mail-ballot voter lists, implementing Trump's elections executive order
On May 29, 2026, the U.S. Postal Service issued a notice of proposed rulemaking (published in the Federal Register June 2) that would require state election officials to submit the names and ballot barcodes of voters who request mail-in or absentee ballots to a new federal "Federal Ballot Mail Portal," and would direct USPS to deliver ballots only to voters on the resulting lists. The rulemaking implements President Trump's March 31 executive order (EO 14399) asserting federal control over mail voting — authority the Constitution's Elections Clause reserves to the states and to Congress, not the president. The proposal is not final and faces legal challenge; the act recorded here is the executive directing a federal agency to claim that authority, not the (contingent) disenfranchisement that would follow if it takes effect.
USCIS memo requires most green-card applicants to leave the U.S. and apply abroad
On May 21, 2026, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services issued Policy Memorandum PM-602-0199, reclassifying adjustment of status — the process by which eligible immigrants obtain a green card without leaving the country — as an "extraordinary" form of relief and an act of "administrative grace" rather than a routine pathway. The memo directs officers to treat an applicant's choice to pursue adjustment of status inside the United States, instead of consular processing abroad, as an adverse factor weighing against approval, a change that would force most green-card seekers — including spouses of U.S. citizens, students, and employer-sponsored workers — to leave the country and apply through a U.S. consulate. The restructuring affects an estimated half-million cases a year and was made by internal agency memorandum, without legislation or notice-and-comment rulemaking; USCIS says it implements existing law, while former officials of both parties call it largely unprecedented.
Pentagon plans to rename Iran war 'Sledgehammer' to restart the War Powers 60-day clock
On May 12, 2026, NBC News reported — citing two U.S. officials and a White House official — that the Pentagon is preparing to officially rename the U.S. war with Iran from "Operation Epic Fury" to "Operation Sledgehammer" if the current ceasefire collapses and President Trump orders the resumption of major combat operations. The White House official told NBC that any renewed campaign would be conducted under a new name and that, from the administration's perspective, this would effectively restart the 60-day clock under the 1973 War Powers Resolution that requires congressional authorization for sustained hostilities. The maneuver layers onto the administration's existing position that the early-April ceasefire paused the statutory clock — which expired May 1 by Antiwar.com's count — even as the United States has continued to enforce a blockade of Iran.
Hegseth replaces Congressionally-mandated Military Justice Review Panel with open-ended Pentagon legal-system review under his own general counsel
On May 8, 2026, Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth issued a two-page memo directing the creation of an "ongoing, long-term, department-wide review of all aspects of the military legal system," convened by Department of Defense General Counsel Earl Matthews and reporting directly to Hegseth. The new panel substitutes for the Military Justice Review Panel — the 13-member independent oversight body created by Congress in April 2022 to report to Congress, which Hegseth disbanded in 2025 after it delivered a 238-page review of the Uniform Code of Military Justice. Current and former JAGs describe the move as completing a transfer of military-legal oversight from an independent, Congressionally-created body to an executive-controlled panel staffed by political appointees.
USDA said it would relocate Forest Service HQ and close 57 of 77 research facilities without required congressional approval
On April 16, 2026, U.S. Forest Service Chief Tom Schultz said publicly that the agency would relocate its headquarters to Salt Lake City and close 57 of its 77 research facilities "with or without approval from Congress." USDA's Office of General Counsel had advised that appropriations-law provisions requiring 30-day advance approval from congressional committees before such reorganizations are unconstitutional "legislative vetoes" the department need not follow. The stance positioned the agency to carry out a major restructuring in defiance of statutory conditions Congress attached to its funding.
Trump signs second federal-elections executive order asserting presidential control over voter eligibility and mail voting
On March 31, 2026, President Donald Trump signed Executive Order 14399, "Ensuring Citizenship Verification and Integrity in Federal Elections," directing the Department of Homeland Security and Social Security Administration to compile federal "citizenship verification" lists and instructing the U.S. Postal Service to deliver mail ballots only to voters on those lists. Constitutional law experts, federal courts, and 24 state attorneys general have stated that the president has no authority under the Elections Clause (Art. I, Sec. 4) to set federal voting procedures — a position that already produced a 2025 injunction against substantial portions of Trump's first elections executive order.
State Department declares wartime emergency to bypass Congress on $23B in Mideast arms sales
On March 20, 2026, the State Department declared a national-security "wartime emergency" to bypass Congress and force through more than $23 billion in arms sales to the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, and Jordan. Secretary of State Marco Rubio invoked emergency-certification authority under the Arms Export Control Act to waive the statutory congressional-review window across 11 weapons packages — some still under review on Capitol Hill, others never formally submitted to Congress. Coverage described it as the administration's second use of emergency authority to circumvent congressional approval of arms transfers since the war with Iran began.
State Department declares emergency to bypass Congress on $151.8M Israel bomb sale
On March 6, 2026, the U.S. Department of State approved an emergency Foreign Military Sale to Israel of 12,000 BLU-110A/B 1,000-pound bomb bodies and related support, valued at about $151.8 million. Secretary of State Marco Rubio formally determined that an emergency existed requiring the immediate sale, invoking Section 36(b) of the Arms Export Control Act to waive the statutory congressional-review period. It was the administration's first AECA emergency declaration to bypass Congress on an arms sale to Israel, coming roughly a week into the joint U.S.-Israel air war against Iran.
Burgum established U.S. Wildland Fire Service by secretarial order, overriding Congress's refusal to fund it
Interior Secretary Doug Burgum signed Secretary's Order 3448 on January 12, 2026, formally establishing the U.S. Wildland Fire Service by consolidating wildfire management programs from four Interior Department agencies without congressional authorization. Congress had explicitly declined to fund the agency, zeroing out the administration's $6.5 billion request and directing that FY2026 Interior appropriations continue under the longstanding practice of separate agency programs. The new agency also mandated a full suppression wildfire policy requiring all fires under its management to be extinguished as quickly as possible, reviving a decades-old approach that wildfire scientists say worsens long-term fire risk.
2025 Events (49)
U.S. Coast Guard seizes Panama-flagged oil tanker Centuries off Venezuela as Trump's oil 'blockade' escalates
In a pre-dawn operation on Saturday, Dec. 20, 2025, the U.S. Coast Guard seized a Panama-flagged oil tanker named Centuries off Venezuela, the second sanctioned tanker the United States took within roughly ten days, as part of President Trump's declared "total and complete blockade" of sanctioned oil vessels entering or leaving Venezuela. The White House called Centuries a "falsely flagged vessel operating as part of the Venezuelan shadow fleet," while Venezuela condemned the seizure as "a serious act of piracy" and said it would complain to the U.N. Security Council.
Trump orders unilateral "complete blockade" of sanctioned oil tankers off Venezuela
On December 16, 2025, President Trump announced via Truth Social that he had ordered a "complete blockade" of all U.S.-sanctioned oil tankers going to and from Venezuela, declaring the country "completely surrounded by the largest Armada ever assembled in the History of South America." The unilateral order — issued without congressional authorization — became the operational basis for a wave of Coast Guard tanker seizures and interdictions off Venezuela in the days and weeks that followed.
Trump directed DOJ to sue states over AI laws and threatened to withhold federal funds, bypassing Congress on AI regulation
On December 11, 2025, President Trump signed Executive Order 14365, "Ensuring a National Policy Framework for Artificial Intelligence," directing the Justice Department to establish an AI Litigation Task Force to sue states over AI laws the administration considers excessive. The order also instructs the Commerce Department to identify conflicting state laws and to condition states' access to federal broadband (BEAD) funds on compliance, and directs all federal agencies to weigh conditioning discretionary grants on states not enacting conflicting AI legislation — achieving through executive action what Congress had not enacted.
Trump directed U.S. forces to seize oil tanker Skipper off Venezuela, opening blockade campaign without congressional authorization
On December 10, 2025, U.S. forces seized the crude-oil tanker Skipper off the coast of Venezuela in a pre-dawn operation launched from the USS Gerald R. Ford, boarding the vessel with Coast Guard and Marine personnel under a DOJ civil-forfeiture warrant. President Trump announced the seizure at a White House event, declaring the U.S. would keep the roughly 1–2 million barrels of Venezuelan crude on board. The action — the first vessel seizure of a broader oil-blockade campaign — was carried out without congressional authorization; Venezuela condemned it as "an act of international piracy."
EPA used litigation to circumvent Clean Air Act rulemaking, seeking to vacate Biden PM2.5 soot standard
On November 25, 2025, the Trump EPA filed a brief in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit asking the court to vacate the Biden-era National Ambient Air Quality Standard for fine particulate matter (PM2.5)—tightened from 12 to 9 micrograms per cubic meter—by "confessing error" rather than following the Clean Air Act's required notice-and-comment rulemaking process. The move would eliminate a standard projected to prevent 4,500 annual premature deaths, 2,000 hospital visits, and 800,000 asthma cases by 2032. By requesting court vacatur instead of formal rulemaking, the EPA avoids the statutory requirement to publish reasoned explanations and allow public comment on the rollback.
JTF Southern Spear killed 3 aboard suspected narcotics vessel in eastern Pacific; 21st strike, ~80 campaign deaths
On November 15, 2025, U.S. Joint Task Force Southern Spear conducted a lethal strike on a vessel in the eastern Pacific Ocean, killing 3 people. U.S. Southern Command announced the strike the following day, identifying the vessel as operated by a "Designated Terrorist Organization" involved in "illicit narcotics smuggling" but offering no evidence, trial, or judicial process. Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth directed the strike on President Trump's orders; it was the 21st confirmed strike of the campaign.
Defense Secretary Hegseth formally named Operation Southern Spear, launching large-scale military campaign without congressional authorization
Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth formally announced "Operation Southern Spear" on November 13, 2025, after approximately 20 U.S. strikes on vessels in the Caribbean and eastern Pacific had killed roughly 80 people without congressional authorization. The announcement coincided with deployment orders for the USS Gerald R. Ford carrier strike group, bringing roughly 12,000 U.S. sailors and Marines to the region in what officials described as the largest U.S. military buildup in Latin America in generations. Trump publicly stated he would not seek a war declaration from Congress.
JTF Southern Spear killed 4 aboard suspected narcotics vessel in Caribbean; 20th strike, ~79 campaign deaths
On November 10, 2025, U.S. forces conducted the 20th strike of what would become Operation Southern Spear, killing four people with "no survivors" in the Caribbean Sea. Three days later, Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth formally named and announced the campaign, citing this strike as the milestone. A Pentagon spokesperson confirmed 79 people killed across 20 strikes; no evidence of drug trafficking was publicly disclosed and Congress had not authorized the operation.
JTF Southern Spear killed 6 aboard suspected narcotics vessel in eastern Pacific; 19th strike, ~73 campaign deaths
U.S. forces struck two vessels in the eastern Pacific Ocean on November 9, 2025, killing six people — three aboard each vessel. Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth announced the strikes the following day, claiming the boats were associated with narcotics smuggling but providing no evidence. The operation was the 19th strike in the Southern Spear campaign, bringing reported total deaths to approximately 73.
JTF Southern Spear killed 3 aboard suspected narcotics vessel in Caribbean Sea; 18th strike, ~69 campaign deaths
U.S. forces struck a vessel in the Caribbean Sea on November 6, 2025, killing three people. Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth announced the strike that evening on X, stating it was conducted "at the direction of" President Trump and targeted a "vessel operated by a Designated Terrorist Organization," but provided no public evidence of drug trafficking. The operation was the 18th strike of the Southern Spear campaign, bringing reported total deaths to approximately 69.
JTF Southern Spear killed 2 aboard suspected narcotics vessel in eastern Pacific; 17th strike, ~67 campaign deaths
U.S. military forces struck a vessel in the eastern Pacific Ocean on November 4, 2025, killing two people aboard. Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth announced the strike on social media, alleging the vessel was traveling a known narcotics route; no evidence was provided. The strike was the 17th of the Southern Spear campaign, bringing the documented campaign death toll to at least 67.
JTF Southern Spear killed 3 aboard suspected narcotics vessel in Caribbean; 16th strike, ~62 campaign deaths
U.S. military forces killed three people aboard a vessel in the Caribbean Sea on November 1, 2025, in the 16th strike of the Southern Spear campaign. Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth announced the strike on X, claiming the vessel was "known by our intelligence to be involved in illicit narcotics smuggling," but no public evidence was presented. The strike brought documented campaign deaths to approximately 62, and the campaign continued without formal congressional authorization or judicial process.
JTF Southern Spear killed 4 aboard suspected narcotics vessel in eastern Pacific; 14th strike, ~59 campaign deaths
U.S. Joint Task Force forces struck an alleged drug-trafficking vessel in the eastern Pacific Ocean on October 29, 2025, killing four people. Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth announced the strike on social media, stating it was carried out "at the direction of President Donald Trump" against a vessel "operated by a Designated Terrorist Organization." No public evidence was presented for the trafficking allegation.
JTF Southern Spear killed 14 aboard suspected narcotics vessels in eastern Pacific; 13th strike, ~[N] campaign deaths
U.S. Joint Task Force Southern Command conducted three separate strikes on Oct. 27, 2025 in the eastern Pacific, killing 14 people total. Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth announced all three strikes in a single post, marking the first time multiple strikes were announced in a single day. No substantiating evidence was presented for alleged drug-trafficking. One survivor was spotted clinging to debris; Mexican Navy search operations ended October 31 with no survivor located.
JTF Southern Spear killed six aboard suspected narcotics vessel in Caribbean; 10th strike, ~14 campaign deaths
On October 24, 2025, U.S. forces conducted the 10th strike of Operation Southern Spear, killing six people aboard a vessel in the Caribbean Sea. Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth announced the strike on social media, claiming the vessel was "operated by Tren de Aragua (TdA), a Designated Terrorist Organization (DTO), trafficking narcotics in the Caribbean Sea," and that it was the first Southern Spear strike conducted at night. No public evidence was provided for the TdA affiliation or drug-trafficking allegation, and the identities of those killed were not disclosed.
Trump signs EO 14356 indefinitely extending federal hiring freeze, placing political appointees in control of all career hiring
On October 15, 2025, President Trump signed Executive Order 14356, indefinitely extending the federal hiring freeze that had been scheduled to expire that day. The order requires every federal agency to establish a Strategic Hiring Committee — composed of a majority of non-career political appointees — to approve the creation or filling of every vacancy, and mandates that all career hiring be "consistent with the national interest, agency needs, and the priorities of my Administration." Civil service experts described the requirement as unlike anything previously seen in merit-system governance, warning it erases the distinction between merit-based and patronage-based hiring.
Trump directs Pentagon to redirect $8B in R&D funds to military pay, bypassing Purpose Statute and congressional reprogramming
On October 11, 2025, President Trump posted on Truth Social directing Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth to use "all available funds" to pay active-duty military personnel on October 15, amid an ongoing government shutdown. A Pentagon official identified approximately $8 billion in unobligated FY2024 research, development, testing, and evaluation (RDT&E) funds as the source. The Purpose Statute (31 U.S.C. § 1301) restricts appropriated funds to their congressionally designated purpose; transferring R&D accounts to cover military salaries requires advance congressional reprogramming approval that the administration did not seek.
Trump administration fires 4,200 federal workers via shutdown RIFs, wielding budget lapse as workforce reduction tool
On October 10, 2025, the tenth day of a federal government shutdown, the Trump administration began issuing reduction-in-force notices to approximately 4,200 career federal workers across seven agencies, including the CDC, CISA, EPA, and IRS. OMB Director Russell Vought announced the action on social media with "The RIFs have begun."
JTF Southern Spear killed 4 aboard suspected narcotics vessel in Caribbean; 4th strike, ~20 campaign deaths
U.S. military struck a small vessel in international waters off Venezuela's coast on October 3, killing four men. Defense Secretary Hegseth announced the strike without providing evidence of drug trafficking. The strike occurred after Trump declared a 'non-international armed conflict' with drug cartels and despite Senate opposition to strikes without authorization.
OMB Director Vought froze $18 billion in congressionally-appropriated NYC infrastructure funds, citing pretextual DEI review
On October 1, 2025, the first day of the government shutdown, OMB Director Russell Vought announced a freeze of approximately $18 billion in Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act funds earmarked for two major New York City projects — the Gateway Hudson River Tunnel and the Second Avenue Subway extension — claiming a review was needed to ensure funds were not "flowing based on unconstitutional DEI principles." The freeze blocked reimbursements already owed, including an immediately due $300 million disbursement, and targeted projects in districts represented by Senate and House Democratic leaders Chuck Schumer and Hakeem Jeffries. Critics and legal experts said the DEI rationale was pretextual and that the Impoundment Control Act prohibits such unilateral executive withholding of appropriated funds.
DOJ sued six states including Pennsylvania to force disclosure of sensitive voter data
On September 25, 2025, the U.S. Department of Justice sued six states — California, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, New Hampshire, and Pennsylvania — demanding they turn over sensitive personal voter data including full names, dates of birth, driver's license numbers, and the last four digits of Social Security numbers. The DOJ invoked the National Voter Registration Act, the Help America Vote Act, and the Civil Rights Act of 1960, claiming the states were violating federal law by refusing to produce unredacted voter registration rolls. Pennsylvania Secretary of State Al Schmidt, a Republican, characterized the demand as a "concerning attempt" to consolidate federal control over state election administration, emphasizing that "in the United States of America, it's the states who run elections, not the federal government."
JTF Southern Spear killed 3 aboard suspected narcotics vessel in Caribbean Sea; 3rd strike, ~17 campaign deaths
On September 19, 2025, U.S. forces struck an alleged drug-trafficking vessel in the Caribbean Sea in a joint operation with the Dominican Republic, killing three men. President Trump announced the strike on social media but provided no location, victims' identities, or evidence of trafficking. The Dominican Republic independently disclosed that the vessel was approximately 80 nautical miles south of Beata Island and later recovered 1,000 kilograms of cocaine from the wreck.
Trump signs EO 14351 establishing Gold Card pay-to-play immigrant visa, bypassing congressional immigration criteria
President Trump signed Executive Order 14351 on September 19, 2025, creating the "Gold Card" program, which directs the Secretaries of Commerce, State, and Homeland Security to treat a $1 million "unrestricted gift" to the Department of Commerce as evidence of eligibility for EB-1, EB-2, or national interest waiver immigrant visas — categories Congress designed for merit-based immigration, not financial payments. The order was published in the Federal Register on September 24, 2025. The program bypasses the EB-5 investor visa framework Congress established at 8 U.S.C. § 1153(b)(5), which requires demonstrated job creation and minimum investment thresholds; the Gold Card requires neither.
GAO found FEMA illegally withheld food, shelter, and detention housing funds; sixth ICA violation in 2025
On September 16, 2025, the Government Accountability Office published its sixth finding that the Trump administration violated the Impoundment Control Act, concluding that FEMA illegally withheld or delayed congressionally- appropriated funds for the Emergency Food and Shelter Program — which supplements food and shelter services for homeless people — and the Shelter and Services Program, which funds temporary housing to relieve overcrowding in immigration detention. GAO determined that FEMA's delay in issuing a funding notice for the Emergency Food and Shelter Program constituted an "impermissible withholding," and that FEMA's complete failure to issue any notice for the Shelter and Services Program established "intent to impermissibly defer or preclude the obligation of budget authority." The Trump administration did not comply with the GAO's findings; the funds remained withheld.
Trump signed EO 14347 directing Pentagon to adopt 'Department of War' name; DoD website rebranded to war.gov
President Trump signed Executive Order 14347 on September 5, 2025, directing the Department of Defense to use the title "Department of War" in all non-statutory communications, correspondence, and ceremonies. The DoD website was immediately rebranded to war.gov. Implementation was estimated to cost approximately $2 billion, covering new signage and letterhead across the defense establishment — all without congressional authorization to rename the department as required by the National Security Act of 1947.
DHS final rule granted USCIS arrest authority and deadly force, transforming civilian benefits agency into armed law enforcement arm
On September 4, 2025, the Department of Homeland Security published a final rule giving U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services sweeping new law enforcement powers, including the authority to carry firearms, use deadly force, make arrests, and execute warrants. USCIS will employ 1811-classified special agents — the same designation as FBI and DEA agents — despite being created by Congress exclusively as a civilian benefits-processing agency. The rule takes effect 30 days from publication, creating parallel enforcement infrastructure alongside ICE and CBP without congressional authorization.
JTF Southern Spear killed 11 aboard suspected narcotics vessel in southern Caribbean; 1st strike, ~11 campaign deaths
On September 2, 2025, U.S. military forces conducting Operation Southern Spear struck a vessel in the southern Caribbean, killing eleven people the Trump administration labeled Tren de Aragua narcoterrorists. President Trump announced the action on Truth Social and Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth posted video of the explosion, but neither provided public evidence identifying those aboard as drug traffickers or gang members. The strike was conducted without congressional authorization or judicial process and was the first publicly acknowledged U.S. military airstrike in the Americas since the 1989 Panama invasion.
Trump signed EO 14343 stripping collective bargaining from NASA, National Weather Service and Patent Office workers
President Trump signed Executive Order 14343 on August 28, 2025, extending his earlier March 2025 order to remove collective bargaining rights from employees at NASA, the National Weather Service, the Patent and Trademark Office, and several other agencies under a "national security" rationale. The order targeted agencies with no primary national security mission, and union leaders said it was explicit retaliation against organizations — including IFPTE and NWSEO — that had filed lawsuits challenging Trump's March executive order.
HHS de-recognized union contracts at CDC, FDA, and other agencies, stripping collective bargaining rights
The Department of Health and Human Services moved on August 22, 2025, to de-recognize all collective bargaining agreements covering workers at the CDC, FDA, and other HHS divisions, stripping thousands of federal public health employees of union rights. The action implemented a Trump labor-management executive order, making HHS the latest agency in a rolling campaign that had already reached the VA on August 6 and the EPA on August 8. The American Federation of Government Employees condemned the action as an illegal decertification of unions.
Trump signed EO 14332, placing political appointees as sole gatekeepers over all federal discretionary grants
On August 7, 2025, President Trump signed Executive Order 14332, requiring all federal agencies to appoint senior political appointees as sole gatekeepers with approval authority over every new discretionary grant announcement, reducing peer review panels to advisory status. The order prohibits federal funding for programs using racial preferences, rejecting binary sex classifications, supporting immigration assistance, or promoting undefined "anti-American values." A "termination for convenience" provision permits agencies to retroactively cancel any existing grant that no longer aligns with "agency priorities."
VA Secretary Collins terminated collective bargaining for 80% of VA's 400,000-person workforce
On August 6, 2025, VA Secretary Doug Collins terminated the Department of Veterans Affairs' collective bargaining agreements with most of its federal unions — including AFGE, NAGE, NFFE, NNOC/NNU, and SEIU — stripping roughly 80% of the agency's 400,000-person workforce of collectively bargained workplace protections. The VA acted under a Trump executive order declaring union contracts a national security threat, and did so while appearing to disregard OPM's own guidance on implementation.
Trump signed EO 14317 creating unlimited Schedule G political appointee class, bypassing Senate confirmation and SES caps
President Trump signed Executive Order 14317 on July 17, 2025, creating Schedule G in the Excepted Service — a new, numerically unlimited class of non-career political appointees who fill "policy-making or policy-advocating" roles without Senate confirmation. Unlike the Senior Executive Service, whose political appointments are capped at 10 percent by statute, Schedule G positions do not count against that limit, allowing the administration to install an unrestricted number of Trump loyalists in senior agency positions. The White House described the order as providing "horsepower for agency implementation of administration policy" and as a tool to "dismantle the deep state."
Trump signed EO 14287, creating 'sanctuary jurisdiction' list and ordering agencies to identify federal grants for withholding
On April 28, 2025, President Trump signed Executive Order 14287, "Protecting American Communities from Criminal Aliens," formally establishing a government-wide sanctuary jurisdiction designation-and-punishment mechanism. The order directed the Attorney General and DHS Secretary to publish a list of states and localities that obstruct federal immigration enforcement and instructed all federal department heads to identify grants and contracts flowing to listed jurisdictions "for suspension or termination." A federal court blocked the funding-withholding component within 11 days, ruling it could not be used as "an end run around" an existing preliminary injunction against earlier Trump sanctuary-city directives.
Trump signed EO 14284 requiring political appointees to certify retention of all probationary federal employees
On April 24, 2025, President Trump signed Executive Order 14284 requiring political appointees to affirmatively certify the retention of all probationary and trial-period federal employees before they receive career tenure. Under the prior framework established by the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978, new career employees automatically received tenure upon completing their probationary period without adverse action. The order made automatic separation the default in the absence of political-appointee certification, inserting a political approval gate over tenure for all competitive and excepted service employees across the executive branch.
Trump signs EO 14251 stripping collective bargaining rights from 40+ federal agencies on pretextual national security grounds
President Trump signed Executive Order 14251 on March 27, 2025, excluding more than 40 federal agencies and subdivisions from the Federal Service Labor-Management Relations Statute (FSLMRS), the law Congress enacted to protect most federal employees' right to collectively bargain. The order applied a sweeping "national security" rationale to agencies including the Department of Justice, FDA, CDC, and EPA — bodies with no plausible national security mission — stripping their workers of union rights through executive action rather than legislation. Affected unions including the NTEU, AFGE, and AFL-CIO filed legal challenges, and the EO became the legal authority for a cascade of agency-level de-recognition actions through August 2025.
Trump signed EO 14248 requiring documentary proof of citizenship on the federal voter registration form
On March 25, 2025, President Trump signed Executive Order 14248, directing the Election Assistance Commission to add documentary proof of U.S. citizenship — including a passport or REAL ID — as a mandatory requirement on the national mail voter registration form. The order also directed DOGE and the Department of Homeland Security to cross-check all state voter rolls against federal immigration databases and instructed the Attorney General to enforce post-Election Day ballot prohibitions. Federal courts subsequently permanently enjoined the citizenship-proof mandate, finding that Trump lacked statutory authority to unilaterally alter the EAC's congressionally established voter registration form.
Trump signed EO 14243 directing all agencies to grant DOGE officials unrestricted federal database access, superseding Privacy Act
On March 20, 2025, President Trump signed Executive Order 14243, "Stopping Waste, Fraud, and Abuse by Eliminating Information Silos," directing all federal agency heads to provide DOGE-designated officials with full access to all unclassified agency records, data systems, and IT infrastructure. The order explicitly superseded Privacy Act system-of-records notices and any regulations restricting inter-agency data sharing, requiring agencies to rescind such limitations within 30 days. Legal challenges argued the order impermissibly overrode statutory Privacy Act protections that only Congress has authority to amend.
Trump signed EO 14242 directing closure of the Department of Education, ordering Secretary McMahon to facilitate shutdown
President Trump signed Executive Order 14242 on March 20, 2025, directing the Secretary of Education to "take all necessary steps to facilitate the closure of the Department of Education and return authority over education to the States and local communities." The order also directed Secretary McMahon to condition all federal education funds on compliance with the administration's anti-DEI directives. The Department of Education was established by Congress under Pub. L. 96-88 in 1979; its formal abolition requires an act of Congress, not an executive order.
Trump signed presidential memo granting OPM authority to dismiss career civil servants based on post-appointment conduct
On March 20, 2025, President Trump signed a presidential memorandum directing the Office of Personnel Management to make final suitability determinations against career federal employees based on conduct that occurred after their initial appointment — an authority previously limited to job applicants. The memo required agency heads to remove any employee OPM found unsuitable within five business days, overriding the civil service removal protections established by the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978. OPM was further directed to propose new regulations under 5 C.F.R. Part 731 to implement the expanded authority.
Rubio issued APA determination exempting all immigration and border regulations from notice-and-comment rulemaking
On March 14, 2025, Secretary of State Marco Rubio published a determination in the Federal Register declaring that all federal efforts to control the entry and exit of people and goods at U.S. borders constitute a "foreign affairs function" under the Administrative Procedure Act. The determination invoked a narrow APA exception — historically limited to diplomatic agreements — to categorically exempt all immigration and border-control rulemaking by any federal agency from notice-and-comment requirements. The action eliminated the public's statutory right to review and challenge a broad category of federal regulations before they took effect.
Trump signed EO 14238 directing elimination of USAGM, IMLS, and five other congressionally-created agencies
On March 14, 2025, President Trump signed Executive Order 14238, "Continuing the Reduction of the Federal Bureaucracy," directing seven congressionally-created federal agencies — including the United States Agency for Global Media (parent of Voice of America), the Institute of Museum and Library Services, and the CDFI Fund — to eliminate all non-statutory functions and reduce statutory functions to the legal minimum. Each agency head was required to submit a compliance report to the Office of Management and Budget within seven days, and OMB was directed to reject funding requests inconsistent with the elimination mandate. Courts subsequently ruled that several of the closures exceeded executive authority, as only Congress can abolish agencies established by statute.
Secretary Rubio cancelled 83% of USAID programs, eliminating 5,200 congressionally-appropriated contracts
On March 10, 2025, Secretary of State Marco Rubio announced that the Trump administration had completed a DOGE-led six-week review and was cancelling 83% of USAID's programs — 5,200 of approximately 6,200 contracts — that had been congressionally appropriated. The remaining roughly 1,000 programs were to be folded into the State Department. The affected programs included HIV/AIDS treatment, malaria prevention, TB care, humanitarian food aid, and democratic governance work across dozens of countries.
VA Chief of Staff Syrek issued internal memo ordering elimination of ~83,000 positions to return to pre-PACT Act staffing levels
On March 4, 2025, Department of Veterans Affairs Chief of Staff Christopher Syrek issued an internal memo directing the VA to return to 2019 staffing levels of approximately 399,957 employees — roughly 83,000 fewer than its current workforce. The memo, developed in coordination with DOGE, set a May 9 internal review deadline, a June reorganization plan, and layoffs beginning in August. The planned reduction would functionally reverse the VA's congressionally-directed hiring expansion undertaken to implement the PACT Act, the 2022 law expanding healthcare and benefits for veterans exposed to toxic substances.
Trump signed EO 14224 designating English as the official U.S. language, revoking the federal multilingual access requirement
On March 1, 2025, President Trump signed Executive Order 14224, designating English as the official language of the United States. The order rescinded Executive Order 13166, which since 2000 had required federal agencies to provide meaningful language access to individuals with limited English proficiency. The change eliminates a 25-year multilingual services framework affecting millions of non-English speakers who rely on federally funded programs, without any act of Congress.
Trump signed EO 14217, directing elimination of Inter-American Foundation, USADF, USIP, and Presidio Trust
On February 19, 2025, President Trump signed Executive Order 14217, "Commencing the Reduction of the Federal Bureaucracy," directing four congressionally-created entities — the Inter-American Foundation, U.S. African Development Foundation, U.S. Institute of Peace, and Presidio Trust — to eliminate all non-statutory functions and reduce staff to the legal minimum. The EO also abolished the Presidential Management Fellows Program and terminated six federal advisory committees.
Trump signed EO 14215, asserting presidential control over independent regulatory agencies and requiring OMB approval of their regulations
On February 18, 2025, President Trump signed Executive Order 14215, "Ensuring Accountability for All Agencies," asserting presidential authority over independent regulatory agencies including the FEC, FTC, FCC, SEC, CFPB, and NLRB. The order required these agencies to submit significant rules to OMB's Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs for review before publication, and declared that the President's and Attorney General's legal interpretations are binding on all executive branch employees. Congress deliberately shielded these agencies from direct presidential control when it established them.
Trump signed EO 14210 ordering mass federal workforce reductions and granting DOGE political veto over career hiring
On February 11, 2025, President Trump signed Executive Order 14210, directing all federal agencies to begin large-scale reductions in force and imposing a 1:4 hiring cap allowing no more than one new hire per four departures. The order required DOGE-designated team leads to approve all new career civil service appointments, inserting a political veto into the merit-based hiring system the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 was designed to protect from partisan control. Agency DEI offices and units performing non-statutory functions were identified as priority targets for elimination.
Acting OMB Director Vaeth issued Memo M-25-13, ordering immediate freeze of all federal grants and loans pending executive-order compliance review
On January 27, 2025, acting OMB Director Matthew Vaeth issued Memorandum M-25-13, directing all federal executive branch agencies to immediately pause all activities related to obligation or disbursement of federal financial assistance, effective 5:00 p.m. EST the following day. The directive nominally covered an estimated $3 trillion in annually appropriated federal funds, including grants, loans, foreign aid, DEI programs, and climate initiatives. A district court issued an administrative stay on January 28; OMB rescinded the memo on January 29, though the White House declared the underlying freeze authority remained in force.
Trump signed EO 14171 reinstating Schedule F, stripping civil service protections from policy-influencing federal employees
On January 20, 2025, President Trump signed Executive Order 14171, "Restoring Accountability to Policy-Influencing Positions Within the Federal Workforce," immediately reinstating his first-term Schedule F executive order — renamed "Schedule Policy/Career" — which reclassifies career federal employees in policy-adjacent roles into an excepted-service category without civil service protections. The order directed OPM to rescind Biden-era rules that had restored affected employees' appeal rights, and required agencies to recommend positions for reclassification; employees in the new schedule could be removed for "subversion of Presidential directives," making political alignment effectively a condition of employment.